46 BEAUTIFUL WHITE BIRDS Their Pictures and overview

White birds

White birds, elegant and ethereal, dance elegantly on the breeze amid a canvas of azure skies, their feathers sparkling like pristine, glistening snowflakes caught in a sunlight embrace. They are carried with effortless grace by their wings, a symphony of exquisite curves that create a magnificent ballet against

the sky. As they soar, the sunlight is reflected off of their immaculate plumage, creating a celestial glow that is both calming and imaginative. These heavenly beings are the height of elegance, and their existence is evidence of the poetry composed in the language of flight.

White birds Habitat

reside in North America, demonstrating the diversity of birds on the continent. Their flawless feathers stand out in a world of vibrant colors, making them easy to identify. This study favors nearly entirely white birds over those from other families

whose members are just partially white. With the exception of the remote continent of Antarctica, all of the continents are home to these white birds, which are distinguished by the striking contrast between them and their natural environments.

A multitude of white birds, particularly gulls, are drawn to the coast due to the abundance of food supplies. Many animals embark on lengthy winter migrations that span continents and oceans in search of warmer climates.

“Heavenly messengers of kindness, white birds paint the sky with poetry, their wings performing an act of elegance that whispers stories of peace and untold glory.”

1. Rock Ptarmigan

A game bird of the grouse family, the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) is a medium-sized bird. In Europe, it is referred to as the ptarmigan. It is the national game bird of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the official bird of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. where it is known as the aqiggiq

(ᐊᕿᒡᒋᖅ). Its name, raichō (雷泥), translates to “thunder bird” in Japanese. It is a protected species across the country and the official bird of the prefectures of Gifu, Nagano, and Toyama. Unlike many species of arctic birds, ptarmigan do not put on significant weight in order to hibernate throughout the winter.

Characteristic	Measurement/Description
Size	34–36 cm length, 8 cm tail, 54–60 cm wingspan, 440–640 g weight
Seasonal Camouflage	White in winter, brown in spring/summer
Breeding Male Appearance	Grey with white wings and underparts
Winter Plumage	Completely white, black tail feathers, eye line
Distinguishing Features	Habitat preference, slender bill, black eye stripe
Male Vocalizations	Guttural snores, rattles, distinctive vocalizations
Aerial Courtship	Fast flight, upward glide, unique vocalization
Ground Displays/Defense	Calls, chasing, fanning tails, extended necks, circling
Habitat	Arctic/Subarctic Eurasia, North America, rocky/tundra
Predators	Few, e.g., golden eagles; approachable due to remote habitat
Distribution	Arctic Cordillera, isolated populations, introduced to islands
Winter Survival	Overwintering, feeding on vegetation on high cliffs
Historical Range	More widespread in continental Europe during last ice age
Diet	Varies regionally, includes buds, catkins, berries, insects
Male Plumage Features	Red eye combs, no ‘distinct’ plumage, black eye stripe
Hunting/Conservation	Popular in Icelandic cuisine; regulated hunting in Iceland

2 Cattle Egret

The cattle egret is an amazing kind of bird that is well-known to biologists and ornithologists. Its scientific name, Bubulcus ibis, makes clear its taxonomy; “Bubulcus” denotes the genus and “ibis” the species. This bird belongs to the Ardeidae family of herons and egrets.

Aspect	Information/Description
Taxonomy	Bubulcus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1855), Ardea ibis by Carl Linnaeus (1758), Cancroma coromanda by Pieter Boddaert (1783).
Meaning of Names	Bubulcus: Latin for herdsman. Ibis: Originally sacred ibis. Coromandus: Refers to the Coromandel Coast of India.
Taxonomic Status	Split into eastern and western cattle egrets; both monotypic species. Recognized third Seychelles subspecies (B. i. seychellarum).
Relationship to Genera	Closely related to Ardea; hybridization with little blue herons, little egrets, snowy egrets recorded.
Previous English Name	Buff-backed heron.
Physical Characteristics	Stocky heron, 88–96 cm wingspan, 46–56 cm length, 270–512 g weight. Breeding adults with orange-buff plumes, red bill, legs, irises. Juveniles lack colored plumes, black bill.
Breeding Plumage Differences	Eastern egret has buff color on cheeks, throat, golden plumes. B. i. seychellarum smaller, golden nuptial plumes. Abnormalities, e.g., melanistic plumages observed.
Eyesight and Foraging	Binocular vision during feeding; adapted for land foraging. Lost correction for light refraction by water.
Distribution and Expansion	Rapid expansion into Americas (1877), Australia (1940s), Europe. Natural and deliberate introductions.
Habitat Preferences	Found in various environments, adaptable.
Migration and Movements	Some migratory, others dispersive; complex patterns observed globally.
Ecology and Behavior	Nests in colonies around water; displays, ritualized behaviors during mate selection. Brood parasitism, kleptoparasitism observed.
Prey and Foraging Habits	Wide prey range, often near cattle; versatile diet, including seabird eggs during migration.
Threats and Status	Vulnerable to crested caracaras. IUCN least concern; considered invasive with minimal impact.
Interactions with Humans	Commonly associated with cattle; perceived as biocontrol for cattle parasites. Interactions not always beneficial; poses hazards to aircraft, spreads infections.

3 American white Pelican

Within the Pelecaniformes order, the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a big water soaring bird.Being skilled fishers, they often cooperate to gather fish. They like peaceful watery environments, such as marshes and lakes, and some of them go on seasonal migrations.

Attribute	Value
Taxonomy	Described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789. Monotypic species, no subspecies.
Physical Characteristics	Length: 50–70 in, Wingspan: 95–120 in. Huge, flat-topped bill. White plumage with black remiges. Orange during breeding.
Distribution	Breeds on inland North American lakes, winters on coasts. Migrates avoiding open ocean.
Lifespan	Wild: >16 years, Captivity record: >34 years.
Feeding Habits	Doesn’t dive; catches prey while swimming. Eats >4 pounds daily. Cooperative feeding.
Reproduction	Colonial breeders, up to 5,000 pairs/site. Ground nests, 2-3 eggs. Both parents incubate. Young migrate by September.
Predation	Nesting on isolated islands reduces mammalian predation. Reacts differently to mammalian and avian threats.
Conservation Status	Protected by Migratory Bird Treaty Act. IUCN Status: Least Concern. Threats include habitat loss, entanglement, poaching.

4 White ibis

The Threskiornithidae family of ibis includes the American white ibis (Eudocimus albus) as one of its species. This particular ibis is a medium-sized bird with vivid red-orange down-curved bill, long legs, and black wing tips that are normally visible only when in flight. Its overall color is white. Compared to females, males are bigger and have longer bills.

Attribute	Value
Physical Characteristics	White plumage with pink facial skin, black wingtips. Red-orange bill and legs during non-breeding. Size: 53-70 cm.
Size and Weight (Adult)	Males: 872.9-1,261 g (1.92-2.78 lb), Females: 592.7-861.3 g (1.31-1.90 lb). Wingspan: 90-105 cm.
Breeding Plumage Changes	Bill and leg color darkens during breeding, fades to paler pink. Fledglings have brown plumage, molt to white.
Flight Characteristics	Flies in loose lines or V formations. Altitudes: 60-1,000 m. Main call: honking sound (urnk, urnk).
Distribution and Habitat	Common in Florida, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Prefers coastal marshes and wetlands.
Breeding and Nesting	Colonial breeding, 1-5 eggs. Both parents incubate. Nest abandonment due to high tides is a common cause of failure.
Diet	Prefers crayfish, crustaceans, insects, and small fish. Diet varies by region and habitat.
Conservation Status	IUCN Status: Least Concern. Conservation concerns include habitat preservation and the impact of pollutants.

5 Great Egret

The great egret (Ardea alba) is a large, widely distributed egret that is often referred to as the common egret, large egret, or (in the Old World) great white egret or great white heron. The striking Great Egret (Ardea alba) is easily recognized by its elegant white plumage. Great egrets are found in many US states, including Florida, New England, Oregon, and more.

Attribute	Value
Description	Large heron, all-white plumage, yellow bill, black legs
Size	Up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, 80 to 104 cm (31 to 41 in) length, 131 to 170 cm (52 to 67 in) wingspan, 700 to 1,500 g (1.5 to 3.3 lb) body mass
Flight	Slow flight with retracted neck
Habitat	Worldwide distribution, temperate and tropical habitats
Conservation	Numbers declined due to hunting, recovered with conservation efforts, adaptable to human habitation
Migratory Pattern	Partially migratory, moves south in colder winters
Breeding	Breeds in colonies near large lakes, starts at 2–3 years of age, monogamous pairs, nest made of sticks, 23–26 days incubation, young can fly in 6–7 weeks
Diet	Fish, frogs, amphibians, small mammals, reptiles, crustaceans, insects; uses bill as a spear for hunting
Parasites	Hosts 17 different helminth species, juveniles have higher infection intensity
Cultural Significance	National Audubon Society symbol, featured on banknotes and coins in various countries, album cover art (Faith No More)

6 Trumpeter Swan

The trumpeter swan, scientifically known as Cygnus buccinator, is the biggest species of swan found in North America. It can be identified by its trumpet-like calls, impressive size, and white plumage. These elegant birds primarily inhabit wetland environments, where they graze on water plants with their powerful beak and webbed feet.

Attribute	Value
Size and Measurements	Largest waterfowl, 138–165 cm (54–65 in) long, wingspan 185–304.8 cm (72.8–120 in), weight 7–13.6 kg (15–30 lb).
Plumage	Adult: all white. Cygnets: light grey, pinkish legs, turn white after a year. Large, wedge-shaped black bill.
Vocalization	Loud, trumpet-like calls, similar to whooper and Bewick’s swans.
Range and Habitat	Breeds in large ponds, lakes, wetlands, and rivers in NW and central North America. Winter migration to southern Canada and NW U.S. Occasional sightings in the UK.
Diet	Eats aquatic plants, insects, and occasionally grasses. Feeding peaks in spring. Young start with animal-based diet, transition to vegetation.
Predators/Mortality	Predators include ravens, raccoons, bears, and eagles. Adults mostly invulnerable. Survival rate: young 40%, adults 80–100%. Captivity: up to 33 years.
Breeding Behavior	Mates for life, courtship involves displays and trumpet calls. Nest building takes 11–35 days, eggs laid in late April. Hybridizes with whooper swans.
Nesting/Incubation	Nests surrounded by water, 4–6 eggs laid. Incubation 32–37 days. Male helps build nest, guards during female’s recess.
Parental Behavior	Males territorial and protective. Assist in feeding. Females active in pre-laying. Brood cygnets for 1–2 days. Fledging at 3–4 months.

7. Tundra Swan

The little swan of the Holarctic is called the tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus). The two taxa that comprise it—the whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus) proper of the Nearctic and the Bewick’s swan (Cygnus bewickii) of the Palaearctic—are typically considered conspecific, but they can also occasionally be divided into two species.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Cygnus columbianus
Length	45 to 59 inches
Weight	7.5 to 21.2 pounds
Habitat	Arctic tundra
Range	North America
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Family	Anatidae
Order	Anseriformes
Adaptations	Webbed feet for aquatic gliding
Primary Habitat	Tundra
Reproduction Habitat	Tundra
Plumage Color	White with black legs and feet, yellow patch near eyes
Migratory Behavior	Remarkable long-distance migrations between Arctic and temperate climates, guided by temperature and food availability variations
Conservation Concerns	Some populations or subspecies may face severe risks, such as habitat loss or hunting, leading to categorization as Vulnerable or Near Threatened
Importance	Essential to comprehend and protect diverse populations for the species’ future existence

8 Snowy Owl

The snowy owl, or Bubo scandiacus, is a big, white member of the true owl family. It is sometimes referred to as the polar owl, white owl, or Arctic owl.It is the only species of owl with mostly white plumage and one of the largest.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Bubo scandiacus
Length	20.7 to 28 inches
Weight	3.2 to 5.5 pounds
Wingspan	4 to 5 feet
Habitat	Tundra, open trees
Range	Arctic regions of North America and the Palearctic
Conservation Status	Vulnerable
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates south in winter
Family	Strigidae
Unique Feature	Distinctive white plumage for efficient camouflage
Cultural Significance	Represents fortitude and adaptation to challenging environments
IUCN Red List Status	Least Concern
Diet	Carnivorous, preys on small mammals and birds

9 Snow Bunting

The family Calcariidae includes the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), a passerine bird. It is a specialist of the Arctic, having a circumpolar breeding range across the northern hemisphere. Small, isolated populations can be found on the summits of a few tall mountains south of the Arctic region.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Plectrophenax nivalis
Length	5.9 inches
Weight	1.05 to 1.41 ounces
Habitat	Arctic Tundra
Range	Northern Hemisphere
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates south in winter
Family	Passeridae
Order	Passeriformes
Unique Feature	Stunning white winter plumage for camouflage
Cultural Significance	Symbolic of the beauty and toughness in harsh conditions
IUCN Red List Status	Not on the endangered species list
Ornithological Studies	Behavior, feeding, and breeding patterns
Vocalizations	Rippling whistle, per,r,r,rit, Plectrophenax warble hudidi feet feet feew hudidi
Mating Behavior	Monogamous behavior; Males positively impact female’s reproductive success
Reproductive Strategies	Male follows female during fertile period; Nest sites provide safety, but males contribute to temperature control
Courtship Behavior	Threat display in Greenland, ceremonial flight to attract female
Diet (Fall to Spring)	Weeds (knotweed, ragweed, amaranth, goosefoot, aster, goldenrod), grass seeds
Diet (Summer)	Seeds (crowberry, bilberry, bistort, dock, poppy, purple saxifrage), invertebrates (butterflies, true bugs, etc.)
Nestling Diet	Exclusively fed on invertebrates
Predatory Behavior	Preys on basking spiders; Attempts to catch invertebrates in flight
Song Characteristics	Duration: 2 seconds; Frequency: 2 to 6 kHz; Unique patterns for each male
Courtship Behavior Variations	Male displays threat and ceremonial flight in Greenland

10 Snowy Egret

Little white herons like the snowy egret (Egretta thula) are common. The genus name, aigrette, is derived from Provençal French and means “little egret.” It is a diminutive of aigron, which means “heron.”

Attribute	Value
Appearance	Adult snowy egrets are entirely white with yellow lores, long black bill, black legs, and bright yellow feet. Immature snowy egrets have duller, greenish legs.
Measurements	– Length: 22.1–26.0 in (56–66 cm) – Weight: 13.1 oz (370 g) – Wingspan: 39.4 inches (100 cm)
Distribution and Habitat	Native to North, Central, and South America. Found in wetlands, marshes, riverbanks, lakesides, pools, salt marshes, and estuaries. Occasional vagrant in Europe.
Diet	Fish, crustaceans, insects, small reptiles, snails, frogs, toads, and worms. Stalk prey in shallow water, run or shuffle feet, hover, or “dip-fish.”
Breeding	Breeds in mixed colonies, elaborate courtship displays, builds nests in trees or thick undergrowth. Up to six pale bluish-green eggs laid, young leave the nest after about 22 days.
Fossil Finds	Fossils reported from Talara tar seeps of Peru and locations in Florida, United States, dated to the Late Pleistocene.
Status	Hunted for plumes in the early 20th century; trade ended in 1910. Populations recovered; assessed as “least concern” by IUCN.

11. Ivory Gull

The sole species of gull in the Pagophila genus is the small ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea). It is circumpolar, ranging through Greenland, the northernmost part of North America, and Eurasia. It breeds in the high Arctic.

Attribute	Value
Identification	Pigeon-like shape, completely white plumage, blue bill with yellow tip, black legs, red-tipped bill in breeding season, fleshy red eye-ring, tern-like cry; juveniles have dusky face and black flecking; full adult plumage in two years
Measurements	Length: 15.8–16.9 in (40–43 cm), Weight: 15.8–24.2 oz (450–690 g), Wingspan: 42.5–47.2 in (108–120 cm)
Distribution	Breeds in Canadian Arctic; wintering near polynyas, Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, Bering Sea, Chukchi Seas; vagrant in coastal Canada, US, British Isles; juveniles wander further from Arctic
Ecology & Behavior	Short-distance migration, wintering near pack ice; opportunistic scavenger, follows polar bears; breeds on Arctic coasts, cliffs; lays 1-3 olive eggs in ground nest
Diet	Fish, crustaceans, rodents, eggs, small chicks; scavenger, feeds on seal or porpoise corpses; follows predators to feed on kills
Reproduction	Breeds on Arctic coasts and cliffs, lays 1-3 olive eggs in a ground nest lined with moss, lichens, or seaweed
Population & Status	Estimated (2012): 19,000–27,000 individuals; majority in Russia; declining in Canada; threats include illegal hunting and sea ice decline; “Near Threatened” by IUCN

12 White tern

Across the world’s tropical waters, the white tern, also known as the common white tern (Gygis alba), is a tiny seabird. In It is also referred to as the fairy tern, though this term could be confusing because it is also Sternula nereis’ common name. The species is also known as manu-o-Kū in Hawaiian, angel tern, and white noddy in English.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Gygis alba
Common Names	Fairy Tern, Angel Tern
Size	Length: 8.3 to 9.1 inches, Weight: 1.3 to 1.9 ounces, Wingspan: 30 to 34 inches
Habitat	Coast, wooded areas
Range	Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, Asia
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	No
Preferred Weather	Prefers stable, mild coastal climates
Notable Features	All-white feathers, distinctive nesting on tree branches
Ecological Role	Important in guano-based nutrient cycle
Conservation Issues	Some populations vulnerable or endangered; conservation efforts by organizations
Bird Watching	Essential pastime for scientists and hobbyists; equipment used – binoculars and cameras

13 Whooping Crane

Due to its distinctive “whooping” sounds, the whooping crane (Grus americana), a native of North America, is an endangered species of crane. It is the tallest bird species in North America and one of just two native crane species, the other being the sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis).

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Grus americana
Size	Length: 45 inches, Weight: 14 to 16 pounds, Wingspan: 7 to 8 feet
Habitat	Wood Buffalo National Park
Range	North America
Conservation Status	Endangered
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers warm weather, migrates south in winter
Notable Features	Stately bird with long-distance migration
Conservation Efforts	Breeding programs to increase population
Ecosystem Protection	Preserving habitat to protect ecosystems
Research Focus	Behavioral research to advance ethology
Importance	Crucial to protect for future generations
Predators	American black bear, wolverine, gray wolf, cougar, red fox, Canada lynx, bald eagle, common raven, golden eagles, American alligators, bobcat, coyotes
Predator Impact	Adult birds in the wild have few predators due to large size; juveniles and captive-raised cranes vulnerable to ambushes, especially by bobcats
Predator Management	Trapping and relocating bobcats to protect cranes; efforts to increase awareness among captive-raised cranes about avoiding predators
Diet	Omnivorous, forages in shallow water or fields; prefers animal material; feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, fish, reptiles, aquatic plants; blue crabs significant winter food source; waste grain during migration
Diet Efficiency	Less efficient in digesting grains compared to sandhill cranes; doesn’t swallow gizzard stones

14 Snow Goose

One species of goose that is native to North America is the snow goose (Anser caerulescens). There are white and dark variants; the latter is frequently referred to as blue goose. Its usually white plumage is where the name comes from.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Anser caerulescens
Size	Length: 25 to 31 inches, Weight: 4.5 to 7.1 pounds, Wingspan: 53 to 65 inches
Habitat	Tundra, marshes, ponds, bays
Range	North America, Russia
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates south in winter
Morphs	White and dark variants with genetic influences on morph development
Behavior Study	Ornithologists study behavior, physiology, and classification; genetic influences on morph development
Significance	Highlights diversity within closely related organisms; enhances knowledge of avian biology; showcases nature’s adaptations
Population	Breeding population exceeds 5 million birds; increase of over 300% since the mid-1970s; increasing at a rate of more than five percent per year; efforts to reduce population due to habitat destruction in Hudson Bay
Vagrancy	Rare vagrant to Europe; occasional feral breeder; seen regularly in the British Isles and Scotland; small group observed on the north shore of O’ahu around 2015; frequent vagrants in Central America during winter

15 Smew

The sole extant species of duck in the Mergellus genus is the smew (Mergellus albellus). Lesser Mergus is called Mergellus, and Latin albus means “white” in albellus. Although it may be more closely related to the goldeneyes (Bucephala), this genus is occasionally included in Mergus due to its close relationship to it.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Mergellus albellus
Common Name	Smew
Size	Length: 15-17″, Weight: 1.1-2 lbs, Wingspan: 22-27″
Habitat	Lakes, pools, rivers
Range	Europe, Palearctic
Conservation	Least Concern, Migratory (cold weather, winter migration)
Behavior Study	Ornithologists study behavior, ecology, vocalizations; explore migration patterns
Genetic Study	DNA sequencing for genetic diversity and evolutionary history
Conservation Issues	Regional differences, risk from habitat degradation, and hunting
Importance	Valued sightings during migration; crucial for ornithology and wildlife conservation
Name Origin	Term “smew” used since 17th century; uncertain origin; related to Dutch “smient” and German “Schmeiente”; probably from “smee,” dialectal term for a wild duck
Fossil History	Unnamed fossil seaduck in Middle Miocene; reassigned to Mergellus; subfossils indicate historical range extension a few thousand years ago

16 Kelp Goose

Within the tribe Tadornini of the subfamily Anserinae, the kelp goose (Chloephaga hybrida) is a species of waterfowl. It can be found in the Falkland Islands, Argentina, and Chile.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Chloephaga hybrida
Size	24-28 inches, 4.4-6.6 lbs
Habitat	Coastal areas, kelp forests
Range	Southern South America, Falklands
Conservation	Least Concern, Partially migratory
Migration	Prefers temperate weather
Feeding	Mostly vegetarian, forages on seaweed
Breeding	Oct-Jan on mainland, nests in pairs
Vocalization	Male: Whistled ‘si-si-si’; Female: Honking ‘arnk-arnk’, ‘ooer’ calls; Chicks: ‘cheep’

17 America White Pelican

Within the Pelecaniformes order, the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a big water soaring bird. Breeding in the interior of North America, it spends the winter migrating south and down the coast, all the way to Costa Rica.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Size	Length: 50-70 in, Weight: 7.7-30 lbs, Wingspan: 95-120 in
Habitat	Lakes, prairies, marshes
Range	Southern California, Gulf States, Mexico
Conservation	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes (winter migration)
Migration Weather	Prefers warm weather
Behavior	Cooperative feeding, all-white plumage, distinctive orange beak
Diet	Fish, crayfish, amphibians, occasional kleptoparasitism
Reproduction	Colonial breeders, ground nests, 2-3 eggs, migrate by October
Predation	Predators include foxes, coyotes, gulls, eagles, owls

18 White bellied Sea Eagle

The huge diurnal bird of prey in the Accipitridae family is the white-bellied sea eagle (Icthyophaga leucogaster), commonly referred to as the white-breasted sea eagle. The mature white-bellied sea eagle is a unique bird with white on its head,

breast, underwing coverts, and tail. The black flying feathers beneath the wings contrast with the white coverts, while the top parts are gray. Like all other Haliaeetinae species, it has a short, wedge-shaped tail.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Haliaeetus leucogaster
Common Name	White-bellied Sea Eagle
Size	Length: 26-31 inches, Weight: 4.0-6.6 pounds, Wingspan: Not specified
Habitat	Coastal areas
Range	Asia, Australia
Conservation Status	Least Concern, Migratory (prefers warm weather, seasonal migration)
Breeding Season	Varies by location, recorded in the dry season in Trans-Fly region and Central Province of Papua New Guinea, and from June to August in Australia
Nesting	Chooses tall trees or man-made pylons; large deep bowl nest made of sticks and branches
Feeding	Opportunistic carnivore; preys on fish, water birds, reptiles, and mammals
Interaction	May attack smaller raptors, harasses birds, steals food; interacts with other species like wedge-tailed eagles
Diet	Fish (catfish, barramundi), waterbirds (penguins, coots), reptiles (turtles, sea snakes), mammals (flying foxes), carrion
Feeding Behavior	Efficient at digesting food, disgorges tiny pellets of fragmented bone, fur, and feathers
Study	Valued for soaring flights, hunting skills; studied by ornithologists
Conservation Issues	Least Concern overall, localized concerns include habitat loss and human disturbances

19. White tailed kite

Across western North America and parts of South America, the white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) is a tiny raptor. In its natural region, it has replaced the closely similar Old World black-winged kite.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Elanus leucurus (White-tailed Kite)
Size	Length: 14-17 inches, Weight: 8.8-13.4 ounces
Habitat	Savannas, open woodlands, marshes
Range	Americas
Conservation Status	Least Concern, Migratory (prefers warm weather, seasonal migration)
Reproductive Behavior	Shared incubation of eggs between sexes, unusual for raptors
Feeding	Primarily rodents, small opossums, shrews, reptiles, amphibians, large insects
Behavior	Hovering hunting method, aerial combat observed in territory margins

20 Sanderling

The little wading bird Calidris alba is known as the sanderling. The term “sand-ploughman” comes from the Old English word “sand–yrðling.”It migrates over great distances, spending the winters in South America, South Europe, Africa, and Australia.

It is a circumpolar Arctic breeder. In the winter, it is quite gregarious, occasionally gathering in big flocks on sandy beaches or mudflats along the coast.This bird resembles a dunlin in size, but it is stockier and has a thicker bill.

Its powerful white wingbars are visible when it flies. Its legs have a distinctive “bicycling” motion as it sprints along the sandy beaches it likes, stopping repeatedly to gather small food items.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Calidris alba (Sanderling)
Size	Length: 18-20 cm, Weight: 40-100 g
Winter Plumage	Very pale, almost white; dark shoulder patch
Summer Plumage	Face and throat become brick-red
Juvenile Bird	Spangled black and white, high contrast
Distribution	High Arctic areas of North America, Europe, Asia
Breeding Habitat	Coastal tundra north of 5°C July isotherm
Migration Distance	3,000 to 10,000 km from breeding to winter sites
Subspecies	Two subspecies: C. a. alba, C. a. rubida
Feeding Behavior	Forages for invertebrate prey in upper intertidal zone
Breeding Behavior	Territorial, may form monogamous or polyandrous pairings

21. Northern Gannet

The largest species of seabird in the Sulidae family of gannets is the northern gannet, or Morus bassanus. The blue-grey, long, pointed bill contrasts with the black, exposed skin around the eyes and mouth. Most juveniles are grey-brown,

but during the course of the five years it takes them to reach adulthood, they gradually turn white. The adult northern gannet is characterized by a long neck, a streamlined body that is primarily white, and long, thin wings.

Its length is 87–100 cm (34+1⁄2–39+1⁄2 in), and its wingspan is 170–180 cm (67–71 in). During breeding season, the buff tinge on the head and nape becomes more noticeable, and the wings are rimmed with dark brown-black feathers.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Morus bassanus (Northern Gannet)
Size	Length: 35-40 inches, Weight: 6.6-8.8 pounds
Wingspan	Approximately 65-71 inches (165-180 cm)
Habitat	Coastal cliffs, rocky islands, open ocean
Range	Northern Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes, prefers cooler weather, migrates south in winter
Breeding Season	March or April
Nesting Sites	Coastal hillsides, cliffs, islands
Nesting Materials	Seaweed, plants, earth, debris from the sea
Egg Characteristics	One egg, average weight: 104.5g, pale blue shell
Incubation Period	42 to 46 days
Fledging Age	Between 84 and 97 days
Feeding Behavior	Plunge-diving for fish; forages up to 320 km from nest
Parental Care	Adults feed offspring for around 13 weeks
Survival Rate	Young birds: 30%, Adults: 91.9%
Lifespan	Typical: 17 years, Maximum: 37 years 4 months 16 days
Social Behavior	Monogamous pairs, bond over several seasons, separate when chicks leave nest

22 White Hawk

The white hawk, or Pseudastur albicollis, is a member of the Accipitridae family of raptors that breeds in the tropical New World. Despite being frequently assigned to the subfamily Buteoninae, this group’s legitimacy is currently being questioned.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Pseudastur albicollis (White Hawk)
Size	Length: 18-20 inches, Weight: 1.1-1.3 pounds
Wingspan	Approximately 36-40 inches
Habitat	Tropical and subtropical forests, woodland edges
Range	Central and South America
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Generally non-migratory, local movements within range
Migration Weather	Prefers stable tropical or subtropical climates
Feeding Habits	Mainly reptiles, insects, crabs, amphibians, and mammals
Diet Examples	Lizards, snakes, beetles, grasshoppers, rats, squirrels, bats
Associations	Forages with tufted capuchin monkeys and South American coatis
Nesting Behavior	Builds large stick platform nests in trees, lays one dark-blotched blue-white egg
Courtship Display	Spectacular aerial courtship display observed
Conservation Efforts	Conservation efforts due to habitat loss concerns
Geographical Range	Southern Mexico through Central and South America, including Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Trinidad

23 American pekin

The White or Pekin The Pekin is a domestic duck breed from America that is mostly grown for meat. It is derived from birds that were imported from China to the United States in the nineteenth century and is currently bred all over the world.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Anas platyrhynchos domestica (American Pekin)
Size	Length: 26 inches (66 cm), Weight: 8-9 pounds
Wingspan	Approximately 30 inches (76 cm)
Habitat	Domesticated, farms, ponds
Range	Worldwide, bred in various countries
Conservation Status	Not applicable (domesticated)
Migratory	No (domesticated)
Migration Weather	Not applicable (domesticated)
Weather Adaptation	Domesticated, adapted to various weather conditions, requires shelter from extreme cold
Preferred Environment	Thrives in rural areas, often near ponds or marshes
Main Purpose	Raised for meat production, particularly in the United States
Commercial Strains	Developed for specific traits, including layers
Growth Characteristics	Large-framed, hardy, fast-growing, high feed conversion ratio
Egg Production	May lay over 150 white eggs per year
Incubation Behavior	Not good sitters, eggs may need artificial incubation
Use in Shows	Sometimes kept for fancy and showing, show birds are often larger than commercial stock

24 Wood Stork

The only stork in the Ciconiidae family to breed in North America is the wood stork, or Mycteria americana, a big wading bird native to the United States. Despite not being an ibis, it was originally known as the “wood ibis”.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Mycteria americana (Wood Stork)
Size	Length: 33-45 inches, Weight: 4.5-6.6 pounds
Wingspan	5.5-6.5 feet
Habitat	Wetlands, marshes, swamps, shallow waters
Range	Southeastern USA, Central, and South America
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes, within its range
Migration Weather	Prefers warm weather
Weather Preference	Warm, tropical climates, wetlands, marshes
Breeding Habitat	Lowland wetlands, nests in trees
Breeding Season	November to August, four months
Incubation Period	27 to 32 days, both sexes incubate
Chick Development	Altricial, fledge in 60-65 days, mature at 4 years
Foraging Behavior	Flocks (non-breeding), non-visual methods
Feeding Habits	Fish, insects, crabs, frogs
Flight Characteristics	Alternates flapping and gliding, soaring
Excretion and Thermoregulation	Urohidrosis in hot weather
Predators and Parasites	Raccoons, caracaras, hawks, vultures, blood protozoans, nematodes

25 Barbary Dove

Straptopelia risoria, often known as the Barbary dove, ringed turtle dove, ringneck dove, or ring-necked turtle dove, is a domestic member of the Columbidae family of doves and pigeons.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Streptopelia risoria (Barbary Dove)
Size	Length: 9-13 inches, Weight: 4-8 ounces
Wingspan	17-18 inches
Habitat	Urban areas, agricultural lands, open habitats
Range	Originally native to North Africa, now domesticated worldwide
Conservation Status	Not applicable (domesticated)
Migratory	No (domesticated)
Migration Weather	Not applicable (domesticated)
Weather Preference	Adaptable, kept as pets, requires shelter from extreme cold
Longevity	Up to 12 years in captivity, cases of 20-29 years reported
Use in Research	Extensively used in biological research, especially in reproductive behavior studies
Varieties	Bred in various colors, including completely white
Symbolic Use	Peace symbol in several cultures, used in stage magic, released in public ceremonies, weddings, and funerals
Coo Mechanism	Utilizes unique, high-speed muscles for cooing
Breeding Characteristics	Crossbreeding with pigeons, offspring not fertile

26 European Herring Gull

With a maximum length of 66 cm (26 in), the European herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a huge gull. In the past, it was more prevalent in Western European coastal regions. It spreads by breeding over Scandinavia, the Baltic nations, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Larus argentatus (European Herring Gull)
Size	Length: 24-26 inches, Weight: 2.2-3.5 pounds
Wingspan	55-65 inches
Habitat	Coastal areas, cliffs, beaches, urban areas
Range	Europe, Asia, North America (introduced)
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes (some populations are migratory)
Migration Weather	Typically migrates south in winter for milder climates
Weather Preference	Adaptable to a range of conditions, migrates south in winter
Diet	Fish, invertebrates, scavenges from various sources
Behavioral Traits	Noisy, gregarious, known for distinctive vocalizations
Vision and Senses	Keen daylight and night vision, sees ultraviolet light, excellent hearing and taste
Feeding Habits	Omnivores, scavengers, feed on fish, refuse, and prey on other birds
Reproductive Traits	Sexually monogamous, nests on ground or cliff ledges, defends eggs vigorously
Life Span	Long-lived, maximum recorded age of 49 years
Predators	Raptors, seals, preyed upon during non-nesting periods
Courtship and Reproduction	Pair bonds, synchronized head-tossing, monogamous, lay 2-4 eggs, incubation 28-30 days
Juvenile Behavior	Peck at adults’ beaks to indicate hunger, parents disgorge food, fledging at 35-40 days
Human Interaction	Coastal habitats protected by European conservation organizations, cultural significance in museums of natural history, culture, and art

27 Gyrfalcon

The largest of the falcon species, the gyrfalcon (/ˈdʒɴːrˌfɔː(l)kən/ or /ˈdŒɜːrˌfaelkn/) (Falco rusticolus) is a predatory bird. There is also usage of the acronym gyr. Breeding grounds include tundra and Arctic beaches, as well as the northern North American islands and the Eurosiberian region.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Falco rusticolus (Gyrfalcon)
Size	Length: 19-24 inches, Weight: 1.5-3.5 pounds
Wingspan	40-48 inches
Habitat	Arctic and subarctic regions, tundra, cliffs
Range	Circumpolar regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	No (typically non-migratory)
Migration Weather	Not applicable (typically non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Adapted to cold Arctic and subarctic climates
Diet	Diverse prey including birds and mammals, hunts in horizontal pursuit
Nesting Behavior	Nests on cliff faces, clutch size 1-5 eggs, incubation period 35 days
Predators	Golden eagles (rarely engage), common ravens (pick off eggs/hatchlings)
Lifespan	Up to 20 years
Human Impact	Vulnerable to human-caused deaths (accidental or intentional)
Conservation Status History	Improved environmental standards contributed to its recovery
Predatory Behavior	Aggressively harasses animals near nests, rarely engaged by golden eagles
Human Threats	Leading cause of death (accidents, poisoning, hunting)
Unique Feature	Amazing polymorphism, diverse hues including white, brown, silver, and black

28 Mute Swan

The waterfowl family Anatidae includes the mute swan (Cygnus olor) as one of its species. This big swan has all-white feathers, with a black border around its orange beak. It can be identified by the prominent, greater in males, knob on top of the beak.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Cygnus olor (Mute Swan)
Size	Length: 55-63 inches, Weight: 20-30 pounds
Wingspan	7-8 feet (210-240 cm)
Habitat	Lakes, ponds, rivers, marshes
Range	Eurasia, North America (introduced)
Conservation Status	Least Concern (IUCN)
Migratory	Some populations are migratory
Migration Weather	Prefers milder climates during migration
Weather Preference	Adaptable to a range of weather conditions
Breeding Habits	Lay 4-10 eggs, female broods for around 36 days
Behavior & Defense	Aggressive in defense of nests, protective of mate and offspring, hissing, physical attacks with bony spurs and bill, territorial
Vocalizations	Variety of sounds including grunting, whistling, snorting, rhythmic song during courtship, hissing at competitors, vibrant throbbing of wings in flight
Predators & Threats	Predators include golden eagles, canids, felids, bears; human threats such as out-of-control dogs; aggressive towards potential threats including watercraft and humans
Special Behaviors	“Busking” threat display, ability to grieve for lost or dead mate or cygnet, mourning process observed, remaining parent takes up partner’s duties in raising clutch
Breeding Period	Cygnets hatch between May and July, learn to fly before ponds freeze over, young swans do not achieve flight ability until about 120-150 days old

29 Royal Spoonbill

The black-billed spoonbill, or royal spoonbill (Platalea regia), is found in the shallows of freshwater and saltwater marshes and intertidal flats. The royal spoonbill is a marsh bird that uses its bill to sweep its prey—fish, crabs, and tiny insects—from one side to the other.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Platalea regia (Royal Spoonbill)
Size	Length: 30-35 inches, Weight: 2.2-3.7 pounds
Wingspan	39-47 inches (99-120 cm)
Habitat	Wetlands, estuaries, mudflats, shallow waters
Range	Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, nearby islands
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers warm weather, migrates seasonally
Weather Preference	Adaptable to various weather conditions
Feeding Behavior	Carnivorous, uses spoon-shaped bill to sweep water for prey
Diet	Small animals, crustaceans, insects, fish, plant material
Breeding Traits	Long white plumes during breeding, open stick nest, lays 2-3 eggs
Breeding Sensitivity	Highly sensitive to disturbance during breeding season

30. Willow Ptarmigan

The Tetraoninae subfamily of grouse birds, Phasianidae, includes the willow ptarmigan (/ˈtɑːrmɪɡən/; Lagopus lagopus). Another name for it is the willow grouse.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Lagopus lagopus (Willow Ptarmigan)
Size	Length: 14-17 inches, Weight: 14-26 ounces
Wingspan	22-26 inches (56-66 cm)
Habitat	Arctic and subarctic tundra, alpine regions
Range	Northern regions of North America, Eurasia
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates seasonally
Weather Preference	Well-adapted to cold and snowy climates
Feeding Behavior	Herbivorous, seasonal diet with preference for willows
Breeding Traits	Territorial males, courtship displays, monogamous, clutch of 6-10 eggs
Parental Care	Male assists in feeding and protecting young, may take over if female dies
Survival Challenges	Dangers include predation, bad weather, coccidiosis; <35% chicks survive to eleven months
Migration Patterns	Families form flocks by September, females and young migrate to lower altitudes
Cultural Significance	State bird of Alaska (since 1955), regional bird of Southern Lapland

31 Ross’s Goose

The white Ross’s geese, or Anser rossii, has a short neck and black wingtips. Out of the three white geese that breed in North America, it is the smallest. It looks like a white-phase snow geese, but it’s roughly forty percent smaller.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Anser rossii (Ross’s Goose)
Size	Length: 20-27 inches, Weight: 2.6-4.4 pounds
Wingspan	45-54 inches (115-137 cm)
Habitat	Arctic and subarctic tundra, wetlands, lakes
Range	North America (breeding), southern United States and Mexico (wintering)
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates seasonally
Weather Preference	Adapted to cold climates, migrates from Arctic breeding grounds to warmer wintering areas
Primary Food Sources	Grasses, sedges, water plants
Migration Routes	Cover enormous miles, crucial rest stops for safe passage
Nesting Behavior	Form large colonies on islands, ground nests with twigs, leaves, grass, moss, and down, average 4 eggs per clutch, incubate for 21–23 days
Population Study	Study along the McConnell River reported about 81,000 nesting Ross’s geese
Migration Patterns	Migrate from Canadian nesting grounds by mid-October, return in mid-April to May
Feeding Habits	Grazers, feed on grasses, sedges, small grains, often forage in mixed flocks with snow geese
Ecological Role	Crucial elements of Arctic and North American ecosystems, contribute to nutrient cycling
Conservation Focus	Protecting vulnerable Arctic breeding sites and wintering locations

32 Red-vented Cockatoo

A species of cockatoo, the red-vented cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia) is sometimes called the Philippine cockatoo and is referred to locally as katala, abukay, agay, or kalangay. It only grows in the Philippines.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Cacatua haematuropygia (Red-vented Cockatoo)
Size	Length: 12-14 inches, Weight: 13-19 ounces
Wingspan	20-22 inches (51-56 cm)
Habitat	Forests, woodlands, cultivated areas, urban areas
Range	Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Indonesia, and nearby islands
Conservation Status	Vulnerable (IUCN)
Migratory	Typically non-migratory, some local movements
Migration Weather	Not applicable (typically non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Adaptable to a range of weather conditions, typically non-migratory
Diet	Mostly seeds, also eats fruit, flowers, nectar, rice, and corn
Vocalizations	Characteristic bleating call, screeching, and whistling noises
Ecological Role	Provides insights into bird biology, ecology, and behavior
Conservation Status	Vulnerable due to habitat loss and the pet trade
Cultural Significance	Represents the variety of birds, nature’s wonders, and cultural intrigue

33 Glaucous Gulls

The second-largest gull in the world, the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), is a huge gull. The Latin larus, from which the genus name is derived, seems to have alluded to a gull or other huge seabird.Burgomaster is an ancient English name for this species.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Larus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull)
Size	Length: 27-30 inches
Wingspan	55-61 inches
Habitat	Arctic and subarctic coastal areas, sea ice
Range	Arctic regions, circumpolar distribution
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes (long-distance migratory)
Migration Weather	Prefers cold weather, migrates seasonally
Weather Preference	Well-adapted to cold Arctic and subarctic climates
Description	Large, pale grey gull with no black on wings or tail. Yellow bill. Adults have a thick bill, juveniles have a pink and black bill.
Call	“Laughing” cry, similar to the herring gull but deeper.
Maturity	Takes four years to reach maturity.
Conservation Notes	Delicate habitats must be protected; study of morphology and plumage is crucial for identification and avian variety understanding.

34 Snowy Sheathbill 

One of two species of sheathbills is the snowy sheathbill (Chionis albus), often referred to as the bigger sheathbill, pale-faced sheathbill, and paddy. Usually, one can find it on the ground. It is the sole endemic land bird to the continent of Antarctica.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Chionis albus (Snowy Sheathbill)
Size	Length: 13-15 inches
Weight	13-21 ounces
Wingspan	24-27 inches
Habitat	Coastal areas, beaches, islands, ice edges
Range	Antarctica, subantarctic islands
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	No (non-migratory)
Migration Weather	Not applicable (non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Well-adapted to cold and polar climates; non-migratory
Feeding Habits	Omnivorous scavenger, kleptoparasite; steals food from penguins and eats carrion, animal feces, and tapeworms.
Activity Distribution	38% hunting, 20% eating prey, 23% resting, 14% other activities, 3% agonistic behavior.

35 African Spoonbill 

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Platalea alba (African Spoonbill)
Size	Length: 32-36 inches, Weight: 2.6-4.4 pounds, Wingspan: 45-47 inches
Habitat	Wetlands, swamps, mudflats, shallow waters
Range	Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of southern Europe and Asia
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Migratory	Yes (partially migratory)
Migration Weather	Prefers warm weather, migrates seasonally
Weather Preference	Prefers warm weather, found in wetlands and shallow waters; partially migratory
Breeding Season	Winter to spring
Nesting	Colonies in trees or reedbeds; nests built from sticks and reeds, lined with leaves
Eggs	3 to 5 eggs, incubated by both parents for up to 29 days
Parental Care	Both parents care for the young for 20-30 days; ready to fly after 4 weeks
Conservation Notes	Covered under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
Foraging Behavior	Feeds in shallow water, swings its open bill from side-to-side to catch various fish, molluscs, amphibians, crustaceans, insects, and larvae
Flight and Plumage	Almost unmistakable with all-white breeding plumage, red legs and face, long grey spatulate bill; no crest; immature birds lack red face and have a yellow bill. Fly with necks outstretched, unlike herons.
Behavioral Patterns	Influences wetland ecosystems by coexisting with waterfowl, waders, and shorebirds; enhances biodiversity and offers essential ecosystem services.

36 White-Tailed Ptarmigan

The tiniest member of the grouse family is the white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura), commonly referred to as the snow quail. It is flecked with gray, brown, and white in the summer and completely white in the winter. The wings, body, and tail are white throughout the year.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Lagopus leucura (White-Tailed Ptarmigan)
Size	Length: 11-15 inches, Weight: 10-16 ounces, Wingspan: 19-22 inches
Habitat	Alpine and subalpine regions, rocky slopes
Range	Western North America, including Alaska, Canada, Rocky Mountains
Conservation Status	Least Concern; Non-migratory
Weather Preference	Adapted to cold, alpine environments; camouflaged feathers
Diet	Varied: snow buttercup, willow catkins, flowers, leaves, berries, pine needles
Breeding	Monogamous males, attract mates through strutting; females build ground nests; 2-8 eggs; chicks leave after 6-12 hours; diet shifts from insects to plants.
Parental Care	Males guard nest, chicks leave nest after hatching; chicks stay with mother.
Conservation Notes	Vulnerable to climate change, habitat loss; focus of conservation efforts
Ecological Impact	Crucial for ecological research; highlights endangered species laws.

37 Yellow-Crested Cockatoo

The Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), which is often referred to as the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, is a medium-sized cockatoo with white plumage, a retractable yellow or orange crest, grey feet, and bluish-white raw orbital skin.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Cacatua sulphurea (Yellow-Crested Cockatoo)
Size	Length: 14-16 inches, Weight: 14-20 ounces, Wingspan: 24-28 inches
Conservation Status	Critically Endangered (IUCN)
Habitat	Tropical and subtropical forests, coastal areas, islands
Range	Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, East Timor, nearby islands
Migratory	Typically non-migratory
Migration Weather	Not applicable (typically non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Adapted to tropical and subtropical climates; prefers warm weather
Diet	Seeds, buds, fruits, nuts, herbaceous plants
Breeding	Nests in tree cavities, 2 eggs in a clutch, shared incubation, chicks leave nest about 75 days after hatching

38 Tanimbar Corella 

The Goffin’s cockatoo, also called the Tanimbar cockatoo or Tanimbar corella (Cacatua goffiniana), is an endemic species of cockatoo found exclusively in the forests of Yamdena, Larat, and Selaru, three islands in the Indonesian Tanimbar Islands archipelago.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Cacatua goffiniana
Size	Length: 12 inches, Weight: 6 to 7.5 ounces, Wingspan: 20 inches
Conservation Status	Endangered (IUCN) due to habitat loss and the pet trade
Habitat	Tropical rainforests, coastal areas
Range	Tanimbar Islands in Indonesia
Migratory	Typically non-migratory
Migration Weather	Not applicable (typically non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Adapted to tropical climates; prefers warm weather
Intelligence	Experimental evidence suggests considerable intelligence
Lifespan	In captivity, Tanimbar Corellas can live up to 30 years
Breeding	Breeding habits mostly known from captive-bred populations
Breeding Season	Breeds from late spring; eggs hatch before July; incubation around 28 days; both parents attend to the nest
Parental Care	Hen feeds offspring for approximately three weeks after fledging
Courtship Behavior	No observed courtship behavior between cock and hen prior to mating
Additional Notes	Limited knowledge about wild breeding behaviors; 2-3 eggs per clutch

39 Black-Faced Spoonbill

One species of wading bird in the Threskiornithidae family of ibis and spoonbills is the black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor). Large water birds, spoonbills have spatulate bills that are flattened dorso-ventrally.These birds hunt by feel; they wade through the water and move their beaks side to side to find food.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Platalea minor
Size	Length: 28-33 inches, Weight: 2.6-3.3 pounds, Wingspan: 45-51 inches
Conservation Status	Endangered (IUCN) due to habitat loss and environmental threats
Habitat	Wetlands, mudflats, estuaries, coastal areas
Range	East Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
Migratory	Yes
Migration Weather	Prefers mild and temperate weather during migration
Weather Preference	Migratory, crepuscular eaters using intertidal mudflats
Diet	Known to be crepuscular eaters, feeding on intertidal mudflats, surveys on locals’ ‘Willingness-To-Pay’ for conservation
Conservation Efforts	Focus on protecting breeding and wintering sites, citizen science contributions

40 Yellow-Billed Spoonbill 

The Threskiornithidae family of ibis and spoonbills includes the gregarious yellow-billed spoonbill (Platalea flavipes). It is a vagrant to Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand, but it is endemic to Australia.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Platalea flavipes
Size	Length: 28-32 inches, Weight: 2.6-3.3 pounds, Wingspan: 45-51 inches
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Habitat	Wetlands, swamps, rivers, estuaries, coastal areas
Range	Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia
Migratory	Some populations are migratory, preferring warm and temperate weather
Migration Weather	Prefers warm and temperate weather during migration
Weather Preference	Adaptable to a range of weather conditions
Diet	Carnivorous, sweeps bill through water to catch small animals, feeds on various prey including crustaceans, insects, fish, and plant material
Breeding	Nests once or twice a year, breeding season varies, nests in colonies, clutch of 2-4 eggs, nest locations include branches or forks of trees, reed beds

41 Jabiru 

The jabiru, also known as the Jabiru mycteria, is a huge stork that may be found throughout the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, with the exception of the west of the Andes. It is the sole individual in the Jabiru genus. The name “swollen neck” is derived from the Tupi-Guaraní language.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Jabiru mycteria
Size	Length: 4.6-5.5 feet, Weight: 11-17 pounds, Wingspan: 8.2-9.8 feet
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Habitat	Wetlands, rivers, marshes, savannas
Range	Southern United States, Central and South America
Migratory	No (typically non-migratory)
Migration Weather	Not applicable (typically non-migratory)
Weather Preference	Non-migratory birds preferring warm and tropical weather; often found in wetlands, rivers, marshes, and savannas
Diet	Frogs, fish, snakes, snails, insects, invertebrates, carrion; opportunistic feeder
Breeding	Solitary nesters, build massive nests on tall trees, clutch of 2-5 white eggs, incubation and care by both parents, long fledging period of around 110 days, average lifespan of 36 years

42 Greater Flamingo

The largest and most common species in the flamingo family is the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). Coastal and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Subcontinent (south of the Himalayas), the Middle East, the Levant, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe are among the regions in which they are widespread in the Old World.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Phoenicopterus roseus
Size	Length: 120-145 cm, Weight: 2-4 kg
Conservation Status	Least Concern
Habitat	Saltwater lagoons, mudflats, coastal areas
Range	Europe, Asia, Africa
Migratory	Yes
Weather Preference	Prefers warm and temperate climates
Lifespan	In captivity: Over 60 years; In the wild: 30-40 years
Breeding	Breeding season involves increased uropygial secretions; nests built in colonies
Voice	Goose-like honking

43 ROYAL TERN

One member of the Laridae family of terns is the royal tern (Thalasseus maximus). Although there have been reports of stray specimens in Europe, the species is native to the Americas.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Thalasseus maximus
Common Name	Royal Tern
Habitat	Coastal areas of the United States, islands, estuaries, mangroves, lagoons
Physical Features	Orange-red bill, pale grey upperparts, white underparts, black legs, wingspan 125-135 cm (49-53 in), length 45-50 cm (18-20 in), weight 350-450 g (12-16 oz)
Vocalization	Short, clear shrills; some sound like kree or tsirr, while others are a longer, rolling, more melodious plover-like whistle
Feeding Behavior	Hunts for fish by diving from heights near 30 feet (9.1 meters), feeds on small fish like anchovies, weakfish, croakers, insects, shrimp, crabs, and hatchling sea turtles
Breeding Habitat	Nests on island beaches or isolated beaches with limited predators
Reproduction	Lays one or two eggs in a scrape on the ground, incubates for 25-30 days, chicks stay in the scrape for about a week, gather into groups (crèche) for about two weeks, fledge around a month old
Maturity	Mature around the age of 4 years, after which they build their own nests and reproduce

44 Elegant Tern

A member of the Laridae family, the elegant tern is called Thalassus elegans. It relies on the sheer density of the nests—often only 20–30 cm apart—and breeding adjacent to other more aggressive species, such Heermann’s gulls, to avoid predation, unlike some of the smaller white terns who are more aggressive toward prospective predators.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Thalasseus elegans
Common Name	Elegant Tern
Distribution	Pacific coast of Mexico, California, Oregon
Physical Features	Medium-large tern, long, slender orange bill, pale grey upperparts, white underparts, black legs. Black crest extends through the eye, creating a small black “smudge” in front of the eye. Forehead becomes white in winter. Juveniles have a scalier pale grey back.
Vocalization	Loud grating noise like a Sandwich tern
Confusion	Could be confused with Royal Tern or Forster’s Tern, but Royal Tern is larger and thicker-billed. Out of range, may be confused with Lesser Crested Tern.
Measurements	Length: 15.3-16.5 in (39-42 cm), Weight: 6.7-11.5 oz (190-325 g), Wingspan: 76-81 cm

45 Forster’s Tern

A tern belonging to the Laridae family is the Forster’s tern (Sterna forsteri).Although uncommon, this species is annual in western Europe and has spent several winters in both Ireland and Great Britain. To this extent north, no European tern winters.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Sterna forsteri
Common Name	Forster’s Tern
Physical Features	Medium-sized tern, forked tail, long legs. Non-breeding: white crown, black eye patch, grey wings. Breeding: black cap, pale grey wings, orange bill, orange legs. Juveniles like non-breeding adults.
Distribution	Marshes over shallow water, freshwater, estuaries
Vocalization	Common: descending kerr, Threat: low harsh zaar, Female courtship: kerrs
Diet and Feeding	Fish, insects, crustaceans. Shallow plunge-diver.
Reproduction	Colonial nesting, shallow nests, 2-4 eggs, 24-25 days incubation. Chicks leave nest after 4 days, fledge at 28 days. Both parents involved.
Nesting	Marshy areas, floating nests with greenish-brown spotted eggs.
Predators	Raptors, corvidae, snapping turtles, marsh rice rats, minks, waterbirds. Low predator success due to mobbing behavior.

46 Masked Booby

The blue-faced booby, or masked booby (Sula dactylatra), is a big seabird belonging to the Sulidae family of seabirds, which also includes gannets and boobies. One of the six species of booby in the genus Sula is the masked booby. Its long, pointed, yellowish bill, long neck, aerodynamic body, long, thin wings, and pointed tail give it a distinctive sulid body form.

Attribute	Value
Scientific Name	Sula dactylatra
Common Name	Masked Booby
Physical Features	Largest booby species, 75-85 cm long, 160-170 cm wingspan, 1.2-2.2 kg weight. White with dark wings, yellow or blue-black facial skin. Bill yellow with greenish tinge. Legs yellow-orange or olive. Juveniles mottled grey-brown.
Distribution	Wide distribution, nesting on islands.
Vocalization	Usually silent at sea, noisy at nesting colonies. Male: descending whistle, Female: loud honk.
Longevity	Long-distance traveler, tagged bird recovered after 24 years, longest distance traveled 3,152 km.
Breeding and Courtship	Breeds at 4-5 years, monogamous, territorial displays, courtship rituals, breeding occurs year-round.
Nesting	Nest on ground, cleared area, shallow depression, lay 2 chalky white eggs, incubation 45 days.
Feeding	Spectacular diver, plunges vertically from heights up to 100 m, swallows catch underwater. Feeds on flying fish, cephalopods.
Predators and Parasites	Silver gulls, buff-banded rails prey on eggs and young. Parasites include ticks.
Relationship with Humans	Historically consumed by indigenous people and European sailors.

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FAQs

1. What types of birds are commonly white?
   • Some birds that are frequently linked with white plumage are swans, doves, seagulls, egrets, herons, and certain kinds of owls.
2. Which species are part of the 43 white birds?
   • The group may include creatures like swans, egrets, gulls, terns, doves, and others, depending on the surroundings.
3. Why are some birds white?
   • White plumage can be used for a variety of functions, such as thermoregulation in warmer areas, mate attraction through clean displays, and camouflage in snowy conditions.
4. Do all white birds belong to the same species?
   • No, several bird species have feathers that are white. It does not apply to just one family or group.
5. Where can I find these birds?
   • These birds live in a range of environments, such as coastal regions, icy areas, and occasionally even populated areas.
6. What is the significance of white doves?
   • In many civilizations, white doves are frequently associated with purity and tranquility. As a sign of hope, they are released during ceremonies like weddings and funerals.
7. Do all white birds stay white throughout their lives?
   • Juveniles of many species may have distinct colors on their plumage, and white birds may change in color as they get older. Furthermore, during particular seasons, certain birds may molt into distinct plumages.
8. How do white birds survive in the wild?
   • Utilizing their coloring for camouflage, selecting nesting locations that offer seclusion, and engaging in behaviors that reduce their visibility to predators are examples of survival strategies.
9. Do these birds have symbolic meanings?
   • White birds are often associated with values such as harmony, purity, and good fortune in many cultures.
10. What threats do white birds face in their natural habitats?
    • Predation, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change are some of the threats. Furthermore, certain species encounter obstacles associated with human endeavors, like entanglements in fishing lines and disruptions during nesting.
11. How can I identify specific species among them?
    • Yes, some white bird species are widely seen in cities and have adapted well to their surroundings. Examples of these birds are gulls and pigeons.